The Comparison Of
Wind Turbine
In Netherland And Sidrap Regency
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Background
1.2. Purpose
1.3. Scope
Scope of this paper is
an object that is used as a comparison of technology. the technology is wind
turbin which is used as wind turbin power plant in netherland and Sidrap regency,
south sulawesi.
DISCUSSION
2.1.
Concept of Wind Turbine
Power Plant
R2v3
2.2.
Electricity System in
Netherland
2.3.
Indonesia Wind Turbine
Power Plant
2.4.
PLTB Sidrap
CONCLUSION
3.1
Conclusion
3.2
Suggestion
The
Netherlands not only focuses on the construction of the Wind Turbine Power
Plant to supply electricity in its own country, but through this development,
the strategy to utilize electric cables in the construction of offshore wind
turbines can also be used for export and import activities to neighboring
countries. In addition to reducing losses, it can also strengthen bilateral
relations between countries. Using this system, the future Wind Turbine Power
Plant which was built in Sidrap regency is also expected to be able to
implement this system, where the electricity supply is not only to bear the
peak burden of the Sulawesi region but also can supply at least the surrounding
area.
REFERENCE
References that are used as references in making
assignments:
In Netherland And Sidrap Regency
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Background
The use of wind turbines as power plants was first made
by Poul La Cour in Denmark in the early 20th century, where there were
experimental machines for wind turbines in the form of a traditional windmill.
More serious development was carried out during the oil crisis in the 1970s
where many governments around the world began to spend funds to conduct
research and development of new energy sources or alternative energy because at
that time coal as a fuel for electricity generation had decreased in number .
The main development in the early 80s was carried out in California with the
construction of the wind turbin Power Plant using hundreds of small turbines.
With this system, within 10 years, 15,000 wind turbines have been built with a
total generating capacity of 1,500 MW in the area. In Denmark, the government
continues to support and oversee the development of this wind turbine
technology. As a result, their technology is maintained and does not disappear.
So that when wind energy re-strengthened in the early 90's, many companies
engaged in this field were able to respond quickly and as a result they were
able to dominate the market today.
The Netherlands is known as the windmill country. Where
using this technology can help many people in the country . Historically,
windmills in the Netherlands were originally used to pump water out of the
lowlands and back into the river through dikes, so that the land could be used
for farming activities. But based on its development, use and supported by
geographical location, the use of windmills in this country is not only limited
to the need for utilization of land again, but it is possible to build a Wind
Turbin Power Plant (PLTB) which will support the electricity usage needs in the
country. This can be proven by making 150 wind turbines off the coast of the
Netherlands to resemble electricity for 1.5 million inhabitants.
Reflecting on the Netherlands as one of the countries
that uses wind as a source of electricity used in the country, and in order to
support the government's program of providing 35,000 MW of electricity, after
many deliberations and studies carried out continuously by the government, in
August 2015 , UPC Renewables, an investor from the United States together with
a local company, PT Binetik Energi Terbarukan, built a wind turbin Power Plant.
and capacity of that wind farm is 70 Megawatts in Sidrap city, which was
completed in 2018.
Using windmills as a source of electricity generation,
between the Netherlands and Sidrap city, of course there are similarities and
differences in their development, the comparison of these will be discussed in
the following paper.
1.2. Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to compare the application
of wind turbin power plant (PLTB)
technology that has been implemented in Netherland state with wind
turbin power plant that have been realized in the Sulselrabar work area (
Sidrap regency).
1.3. Scope
DISCUSSION
2.1.
Concept of Wind Turbine
Power Plant
Wind turbines are windmills used to generate electricity.
This wind turbine was originally made to accommodate the needs of farmers in
carrying out rice milling, irrigation purposes, etc. Previous wind turbines
have been built in Denmark, the Netherlands and other European countries and
are better known as Windmill. The initial concept of wind power plants is that
wind movements are engineered in such a way as to produce kinetic energy,
namely the amount of kinetic energy in a moving object increasing along with
the mass of the object being multiplied, the kinetic energy also multiplying
him. If the speed is doubled, the kinetic energy will increase fourfold.
Calculation of the power produced by a wind tube with the diameter of the fan
is:
R2v3
Where :
P = Wind density at a certain time
V = wind speed at a certain time
With provisions, generally the effective power that can
be harvested by a wind tube is only 20% -30%. So the formula above can be
multiplied by 0.2-0.5 to get quite exact results. The basic principle of the
work of a wind turbine is to change the mechanical energy from the wind to the
rotating energy on the windmill, then the spinning wheel is used to rotate the generator
which will eventually generate electricity. Wind energy systems including the
main components are divided into:
a. Nacelle
The nacelle is the
housing that protects the main frame and the components atatched to it. This
enclosure is particulary important for wind electric system, but does npt exist
in water pumping machines. Sits atop the
tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator,
controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land
on.
b. Rotor
Rotor blade design has
beenfited from airplanes wind technology. It uses the bernoulli aerodynamic
lift force that an airfoil feels in a moving stream or air. The shape of the
rotor blade and its angle of attack relative to the wind direction affects its
performance.
The roto assemly can be
placed it two locations :
-
Upwind of necelle and
tower receiving the wind stream unaffected by the tower’s presence
-
Downwind of the tower
witch allows yawing or the self-alignment of the rotor in facing the wind.
High speed wind mechine rotors usually have blades with
an airfoil cross section. The following materials have been considered for
rotor design:
-
Metals, aluminium and
stell alloys have been used
-
Wood, this includes
laminated wood composites
-
Synthetic composites,
these consist of a polyester or epoxy matrix tha is reinforced with glass
fibers
-
New materials, Hybrid
composite would offer a combination of the constitutive materials propertis.
c. Hub assembly and main shaft
The blades are attached
by a hub assembly to main shaft. The main shaft rotates in bearings supported
in the main frame. If the blades are desugned for pitch control, the hub can be
fairly intricate. The main frame of the wind machine serves as the point of
attachment for various components, such as the main shaft, transmission,
generator, and nacelle. It usualy contains a yaw bearing assembly.
d. Transmission mechanism
A transmission assembly
consisting of gear box or chain draie is rewuired to properly mach the
rotational speed to the desired speed of the electric generator, or air
com[ressor because the rotatoina; speed ot the rotor does not match that of the
pump or electric generator to which it is to be connected
e. Yaw mechanism
Horizontal axis machines
must be oriented to face the wind by process called yawing. Upwind machines
with blades upwind of the towe invorporate instead a tail vane, smal yaw motors
of faintails, or a servo mechanism to ensure that the machine always face
upwind
f. Electric generator
The electric
generator i a wind machine is attached to the main support frame and copled to
the high speed end of the transmission shaft. Produces
60-cycle AC electricity; it is usually an off-the-shelf induction generator.
g. Stuctural tower needed to get the wind machine up into
the air, away from the slower and more turbulent winds near the ground. A wind
machine should be at least 10 m highter than any obstuctions in the surrondings
such as trees.large wind machines towers aare usually made of steel and the
great majority is of the tubular or conical type. Tower must be designed to
resist the full thrust produced by an operating windmill or stationary wind
machine in a storm. Special concent must be givento the possibility of
destuctive vebrations caouse by a natural frequency mismatch betweeen the wind
machine and tower. Because wind speed
increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and
generate more electricity.
h.
Anemometer:
Measures the wind
speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
i.
Blades:
Lifts and rotates
when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin. Most turbines have
either two or three blades.
j.
Brake:
Stops the rotor
mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies.
k.
Controller:
Starts up the
machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the
machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 55
mph because they may be damaged by the high winds.
l. Gear box:
Connects the
low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the rotational speeds
from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm; this is
the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The
gear box is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are
exploring "direct-drive" generators that operate at lower rotational
speeds and don't need gear boxes.
m.
Pitch:
Turns (or pitches)
blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the rotor from
turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
n.
Wind direction:
Determines the
design of the turbine. Upwind turbines—like the one shown here—face into the
wind while downwind turbines face away.
o.
Wind vane:
Measures wind
direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with
respect to the wind.
p.
Yaw drive:
Orients upwind
turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction changes. Downwind
turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows the rotor
away from it.
q.
Yaw motor:
Powers the yaw
drive.
In general, the wind turbine is divided into 2 types:
horizontal wind turbine and vertical wind turbine, where every wind turbine has
its own function and ability to convert kinetic wind energy into rotating
turbine energy for each wind speed condition. Multi-blade and savonius
windmills are suitable for low speed PLTB applications, while propeller type
windmills are the most commonly used windmills because they can work with a
wide range of wind speeds. The electricity system from the PLTB can be divided
into 2 types: fixed speed and variable speed. The advantages of the k system
(fixed-speed) are cheap, the system is simple and sturdy (robast). This system
operates at a constant turbine rotational speed and produces maximum power at
one wind speed value. This system usually uses an unsynchronous generator, and
is suitable to be applied to areas that have high wind speed potential.
The disadvantage of this system is that the generator
requires reactive power to be able to produce electricity so that the capacitor
bank must be installed or connected to the grid. This system is susceptible to
pulsating power to the grid and is susceptible to sudden mechanical changes. In
a system of wind turbines that use a variable speed system, the system is
designed to be able to extract maximum power at various speeds. The variable
speed system can eliminate pulsating torque that generally occurs in fixed
speed systems. Things to consider in choosing a region as a wind farm are as
follows:
·
Is an area of wind, is
an area free of animal and human interference
·
It is an open coastal
area, meaning that in front of the coastline (towards the sea) it is not
blocked by plants with high stands / mangrove forests. Such areas are very
potensal to get sea breeze during the day and land winds at night
·
Is a sloping area. Such
areas are winds that blow close to the sea surface can directly rotate wind
turbine
·
Is an area free from the
maximum tidal wave. Wind turbine buildings must avoid sea water abrasion
·
Tsunami free area
·
Is a coastal area that
is safe from tectonic earthquakes / volcanic earthquakes
·
Not in the area of the
river estuary
·
Not a tourist and
regional area for the military.
2.2.
Electricity System in
Netherland
The
electricity system in the Netherlands is managed by many companies which are
divided by area and also the type of components, such as transmission
generation, high or medium voltage, and distribution and retail. Every company
can be an electricity producer where management is limited by the amount of
kilovolts. The electricity system in the Netherlands is divided into several
voltages namely 380 kv, 220 kv, 110 kv, 50 kv, 20 kv, 3 kv, 400/230 Volt. In
addition to AC transmission, in the Netherlands there is a DC transmission that
is more profitable if the electricity transmission exceeds 180 km for example
NedBrit (Nederland-Britain) which reaches 260 km and Cobra
(Copenhagen-Brussels-Amsterdam) which plans to drain 700 MW of electricity as
far as 325 km at the beginning of 2019. DC is more profitable for use above 200
km because of lower electricity transmission lost when compared to AC
transmission.
The
development of electricity using renewable energy in the Netherlands is fully
supported by the government so that the quality of each company in terms of
technical, service, and competitiveness with other companies can be maintained.
In addition, the company is closely monitored by the government but is still
allowed to operate commercially. As one of the European Union member countries,
the Dutch energy policy is also influenced by the prevailing joint policies
among European Union countries with EU slogans 20-20-20, namely 20% reduction
in greenhouse emissions, 20% increase in energy efficiency, and 20% of energy
sources come from renewable energy in 2020. The Netherlands currently has a
national target of 5-6% use of renewable energy where the target to be
fulfilled is 14% in 2020 (initially 16%) with an optimistic scenario of 12% .
Some of the things that cause this decline include financial (budget not
available for compensation for coal power plant closure, renewable energy is
still quite expensive to build), politics (tough negotiations not supported by
all political parties), policies, and implementation erroneous (wrong
calculation of economics in the construction of the power plant).
Since 2015
there has been a trend towards deployment and planning for large wind farms,
both onshore and offshore, with a view to the approximate wind power capacity
tripling from 2015 levels by 2023.
Gemini
offshore wind farm is a generator with a capacity of 600 MW is newer and larger
wind farms that are making use of some of the largest wind turbines available,
in particular the case of Noordoostpolder the Enercon E-126 7500 kW wind
turbine, the wind farm is located about 85 kilometers off the north coast of
the Netherlands, it will meet the energy needs of around 1.5 million residents.
The 2.8 billion euro project is a collaboration between a Canadian independent
renewable energy company named Northland Power, a Siemens Wind Power Wind
Turbine producer, Dutch maritime contractor Van Oord and a HVC waste processing
company. This offshore farm wind will include an artificial
island with airport, port and other facilities. Electrical energy (alternating
current) generated from the windmill will be sent to an artificial island and
converted into direct current. To avoid electricity losses when transmitted,
the Netherlands is also well prepared for a significant rise in intermittent
power from wind energy by good links to its neighbors via high voltage cables
or exported as required. These include the 580 km NorNed submarine cable (700
MW) link to Norway, the 1,000 MW BritNed cable link to the United Kingdom and
planned 2019 COBRA cable link to Denmark (700 MW).
In the future,
The Dutch government plans to build three more offshore wind farms, and new
wind farms have been agreed upon in the Energy Agreement. The government wants
the total offshore current electricity consumption by 2030. The two new wind
farms will be built by the North-Holland coast, the third north of the Wadden
Islands. The government plans to open tenders for these wind farms in 2021. The
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate estimates that realizing these wind
farms will cost between 15 and 20 billion euros in investments, and create 10
thousand jobs. As per the Energy Agreement, the government already plans to
have five new wind farms built before 2023. These projects will be built off
the Zeeland and Holland coasts in the coming years and will increase the
capacity of offshore wind farms by 4,450 gigawatts in the next five years.
2.3.
Indonesia Wind Turbine
Power Plant
In
general, Indonesia is categorized as a country without wind, given that the
average minimum wind speed that can be economically developed as an energy
service provider is 4 m / s. however, there are several regions where wind
energy sources can be developed. These areas include East Nusa Tenggara (NTT),
West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), South and Southeast Sulawesi, North and South Coast
Java and Karimun Jawa. The scale of utilization of wind power is generally
grouped on a small, medium and large scale.
Indonesia
is an archipelago with a vast sea area that is much larger than the land area.
Therefore the existence of land winds and sea winds that blow in the coastal
area are always changing throughout the day and throughout the year. Indonesia
is the largest beach country in the world, with an area of approximately 2/3
of the entire territory of Indonesia. That means there are at least as long as
that potential area to be used as a potential area with wind energy. However,
it is still necessary to select a safe coastal area to make a wind turbine
power plant.
Indonesia's
strategic position supports the construction of wind turbine power plants,
although overall wind energy potential in Indonesia is on average not large,
but based on surveys and measurements of wind data carried out since 1979 there
are many prospective areas, because the annual average speed is 0.3 - 4.5 m /
sec, or energy between 200-1000 kwh /m2.
The
development of wind power technology in Indonesia was initiated by Ridho
Hantaro, ST.MT, a pilot of a simple project with the theme "renewable
energy" to win the "Brits Award for Poverty Alleviation 2006".
This project is the manufacture of a wind turbine power plant on the island of
Sapeken, Sumenep Regency, East Java. The 4 meter diameter rotor wind turbine
with 6 aluminum leaves is capable of producing up to 1 KW of power with 8 meter
high poles.
Meanwhile,
based on the results of the mapping of LAPAN (Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa
National) in 120 locations in Indonesia, it was found that some regions had
wind speeds above 5 m / s. These areas are East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara,
South Sulawesi and the South Coast of Java. Wind at this speed is classified as
medium scale with a potential capacity of 10 to 100 kW.
2.4.
PLTB Sidrap
The process of selecting location of
Sidrap city as the location of the
largest PLTB construction in Southeast Asia began in 2012. Observations have
been made with wind speed on the hills of Pabbarasseng, from data obtained that
the wind speed in the area averages 7 m / sec and after construction, speed of
the wind is still same or has not changed since 7 years ago. Wind turbin power
plant is assumed to be able to deliver electricity to 67,000 customers in South
Sulawesi with an average electric power of 1,300 VA when every tower in the
wind turbin has a height of 80 meters and a 57 meter long propeller.
The Sidrap Wind Turbine power plant
is the largest wind power plant in Indonesia that uses approximately 100
hectares of land. The electricity condition of the Sulbagsel system is
currently surplus, with a capable power of 1,300 MW and peak loads reaching
1,050 MW. Thus PLN still has a 250 MW power reserve that can supply to
customers.
Sidrap wind turbine power plan has
the role of supporting 6 % of the peak load requirements of Southern Sulawesi
(Sulbagsel) which includes South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and Palu. Where based
on research, the wind speed at the point in Sidrap city is able to rotate the
turbine with that capacity. Independent Power Producer ( IPP ) developing the
wind turbine power plant in sidrap city is International UPC Renewables
Indonesia and PT Binatek Renewable Energy. The PPA between PLN and
International UPC Renewables Indonesia was signed in August 2015.
The fact of Sidrap's wind turbine
power plant :
o
The location
of the Sidrap wind turbine power plant in Mattirotasi Village, Watang Pulu
District, Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi (Sulsel)
o
Sidrap wind
turbine power plant is the biggest wind turbine power plant in Southeast Asia
that is included in the 35,000 MW program
o
wind turbine
power plant was established in a 100-hectare area with 30 Wind Turbine
Generators (WTG)
o
Has a tower
with a height of 80 meters with a length of propeller 57 meters and each of
them works a 2.5MW capacity turbine
o
Sidrap wind
turbine power plant is projected to be able to power 70,000 customers in South
Sulawesi with an average electric power of 900 Volt Ampere
o The location of Sidrap wind turbine power plant
(PLTB) has the potential to become a digital destination
CONCLUSION
3.1
Conclusion
Wind as a raw material for
wind turbine power plants is very useful, in addition to free raw materials and
the use of wind as a wind turbine power plant, it will certainly be
environmentally friendly. This is a consideration for the Netherlands and
Indonesia to build a wind turbine power plant. It's just that when realized
there are differences in the two countries. Realization of the power plant
construction in sidrap district in South Sulawesi is one step to increase
electricity supply and in order to support the 35000 MW program.
The following are comparison
of wind turbines realized in the Netherlands and Sidrap District.
|
NETHERLAND
|
SIDRAP REGENCY
|
|
The making of the Wind Farm is
located offshore, which means the wind used is sea breeze
|
Located of Wind Farm is in the
hills which is an ideal location because it is a meeting of highland winds
and sea breezes
|
|
Focusing as a wind turbine
power plant by making artificial islands as a means of transmission networks
|
Not only become the wind turbine power plant, the
location of the solar turbine power plant (PLTB) has the potential to become
a digital destination
|
|
Gemini (Name of Wind Turbine
Power plant project) contributes 13 percent of the total renewable energy
supply and around 25 percent of wind power plants in Netherland
|
Sidrap wind
turbine power plant has a role of 6% of the peak requirements of Southern
Sulawesi which includes South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and Palu
|
3.2
Suggestion
The
Netherlands not only focuses on the construction of the Wind Turbine Power
Plant to supply electricity in its own country, but through this development,
the strategy to utilize electric cables in the construction of offshore wind
turbines can also be used for export and import activities to neighboring
countries. In addition to reducing losses, it can also strengthen bilateral
relations between countries. Using this system, the future Wind Turbine Power
Plant which was built in Sidrap regency is also expected to be able to
implement this system, where the electricity supply is not only to bear the
peak burden of the Sulawesi region but also can supply at least the surrounding
area.
REFERENCE
1.
Scientific journals
–Pemanfaatan Energi Alternatif Sebagai Energi Terbarukan Untuk Mendukung
Subtitusi BBM- by Imam Kholiq- Engineering Departement- Wijaya Putra
University, Surabaya Jawa Timur Indonesia
2. Interview about system of wind turbin and implementation in indonesian.interviewees is Alif Firdaus: OJT student section power plant – Departement of Mecanical engineering STTPLN Jakarta.
3. Scientific journal- Components Of Wind Machines-M.Ragheb-2/28/2014
4. Prinsip kerja pembangkit listrik tenaga angin-Posted in Energi terbarukan, keistrikan Indonesia, Pembangkit Listrik Indonesia, Tenaga angin – Kadek Fendy Sutrisna-21/05/2011- https://indone5ia.wordpress.com/2011/05/21/prinsip-kerja-pembangkit-listrik-tenaga-angin-dan-perkembangannya-di-dunia/
5. Wikipedia- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_Netherlands
6. Antaranews.com- https://www.antaranews.com/berita/628262/belanda-resmikan-ladang-turbin-angin-terbesar-di-dunia
7. Energi.Gov- The Inside Of a Wind Turbin- https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/inside-wind-turbine-0
8. https://www.holland.com/id/pariwisata/jelajahi-belanda/tradisi/fungsi-kincir-angin.htm
9. BERITASATU.COM- www.beritasatu.com/satu/481088-pltb-sidrap-masuk-tahap-uji-operasional.html
10. KOMPAS.COM- https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/07/04/17474551/infografik-7-fakta-pltb-sidrap
11. Sejarah perkembangan PLTB- Seninan- http://seninan.blogspot.com/2016/04/sejarah-perkembangan-pltb.html
12. Bakal produksi listrik 75 megawatt begini kecepatan angin di PLTB Sidrap-Makassar Tribun News - http://makassar.tribunnews.com/2018/03/04/bakal-produksi-listrik-75-megawatt-begini-kecepatan-angin-di-pltb-sidrap
13. PLTB Sidrap-Ajatappareng- https://ajatappareng1600.wordpress.com/2018/02/20/pltb-sidrap/
2. Interview about system of wind turbin and implementation in indonesian.interviewees is Alif Firdaus: OJT student section power plant – Departement of Mecanical engineering STTPLN Jakarta.
3. Scientific journal- Components Of Wind Machines-M.Ragheb-2/28/2014
4. Prinsip kerja pembangkit listrik tenaga angin-Posted in Energi terbarukan, keistrikan Indonesia, Pembangkit Listrik Indonesia, Tenaga angin – Kadek Fendy Sutrisna-21/05/2011- https://indone5ia.wordpress.com/2011/05/21/prinsip-kerja-pembangkit-listrik-tenaga-angin-dan-perkembangannya-di-dunia/
5. Wikipedia- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_Netherlands
6. Antaranews.com- https://www.antaranews.com/berita/628262/belanda-resmikan-ladang-turbin-angin-terbesar-di-dunia
7. Energi.Gov- The Inside Of a Wind Turbin- https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/inside-wind-turbine-0
8. https://www.holland.com/id/pariwisata/jelajahi-belanda/tradisi/fungsi-kincir-angin.htm
9. BERITASATU.COM- www.beritasatu.com/satu/481088-pltb-sidrap-masuk-tahap-uji-operasional.html
10. KOMPAS.COM- https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/07/04/17474551/infografik-7-fakta-pltb-sidrap
11. Sejarah perkembangan PLTB- Seninan- http://seninan.blogspot.com/2016/04/sejarah-perkembangan-pltb.html
12. Bakal produksi listrik 75 megawatt begini kecepatan angin di PLTB Sidrap-Makassar Tribun News - http://makassar.tribunnews.com/2018/03/04/bakal-produksi-listrik-75-megawatt-begini-kecepatan-angin-di-pltb-sidrap
13. PLTB Sidrap-Ajatappareng- https://ajatappareng1600.wordpress.com/2018/02/20/pltb-sidrap/
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